Can A Child Choose Which Parent To Live With In India?

Child custody issues are often complex and emotionally charged, especially during divorce or separation proceedings. In India, the primary consideration in any custody decision is the best interest of the child. While a child’s opinion may be taken into account, it is not the sole deciding factor. Courts aim to ensure the child’s emotional, psychological, and physical well-being by evaluating the environment each parent can offer.

Legal Perspective on Child’s Preference

No Absolute Right to Choose

Under Indian law, a child does not have an absolute legal right to choose which parent to live with. The court has the final authority to decide custody based on multiple factors.

Age Matters

Children under the age of 5 are usually placed under the mother's care (as per Indian laws).

If the child is 9 years or older, courts often consider the child’s preference but it’s not binding.

After the age of 18, an individual is legally an adult and can decide independently.

Child’s Welfare Is Supreme

According to Section 17 of the Guardian and Wards Act, 1890, and principles under the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956, the child’s welfare supersedes all other considerations, including parental rights and the child’s wishes.

Court Interaction With the Child

The judge may personally speak to the child in a friendly, non-intimidating environment to understand their preferences, emotional attachment, and concerns about either parent.

Parental Capability

The court assesses each parent’s ability to provide:

• Financial stability
• Emotional support
• Educational opportunities
• Safe living environment

Factors Considered by Courts

Child's Mental and Emotional State

A child under stress or fear may express biased preferences. The court evaluates whether the child’s opinion is voluntary or influenced.

Allegations of Abuse or Neglect

Any signs of domestic violence, abuse, or neglect weigh heavily against the offending parent.

Consistency and Routine

Courts prefer arrangements that minimize disruption to the child’s education and social environment.

Visitation Rights

The non-custodial parent usually receives visitation rights unless proven harmful.

Legal Provisions and Court Judgments

Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956

Primarily governs Hindu child custody cases and favors mothers for younger children.

Guardian and Wards Act, 1890

A secular law applicable to all religions; allows courts discretion in custody matters.

Notable Case:

Sheoli Hati v. Somnath Das (2019) – The Supreme Court held that the child's welfare, not parental claims, is paramount, and even the child's choice must be scrutinized for authenticity and reasoning.

Example

Suppose a 12-year-old girl’s parents get divorced. She expresses a desire to live with her mother because her father is strict and frequently travels for work.

Steps the Court May Take:

• Interview the child in chambers to understand her reasoning.
• Assess both parents’ homes and environments through a court-appointed counselor or social worker.
• Check if the father's absence and discipline are negatively affecting the child’s well-being.

If the court finds the mother can provide better emotional and educational support, it may grant her custody despite the father being financially stronger.

Father may be granted visitation rights on weekends and holidays.