Is Gender Discrimination A Ground To Deny Extradition?

While the Indian Extradition Act, 1962 does not explicitly list gender discrimination as a ground for denying extradition, both Indian courts and international norms allow humanitarian and human rights considerations to influence the decision to extradite. Discrimination on the basis of gender may fall under this broader humanitarian exception.

Gender Discrimination as a Ground for Refusing Extradition

No Explicit Provision in Indian Law

The Indian Extradition Act, 1962 does not specifically list gender discrimination as a refusal ground.

However, the Act permits the Central Government to refuse extradition if it is of the opinion that extradition would be unjust or oppressive (Section 31).

Constitutional and Human Rights Protections

The Constitution of India guarantees equality before law (Article 14) and prohibits discrimination based on gender (Article 15).

Indian courts often apply fundamental rights and humanitarian principles when interpreting extradition requests.

International Human Rights Standards

Under international law, especially UN human rights instruments like the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) (ratified by India), extradition can be denied where the person is likely to face gender-based persecution or discrimination.

Many treaties include humanitarian or fair trial clauses that allow refusal if extradition would lead to unjust treatment.

Judicial Precedent and Discretion

Courts may intervene if there is credible evidence that the extradited person (especially women or gender minorities) will face biased trials, abuse, or gender-based violence.

The executive authority (Ministry of External Affairs/Home Affairs) also exercises discretion and may seek assurances from the requesting country before approving extradition.

Application in Special Circumstances

Gender discrimination may be invoked in cases involving:

• Persecution based on gender identity or sexual orientation
• Inadequate legal protection for women in the requesting country
• Cultural practices that may endanger the accused (e.g., honor-based violence, lack of due process)

Example

India receives an extradition request from Country Y, where women face systemic discrimination in the legal system. The requested person, a woman, is accused of a crime but fears she will not receive a fair trial due to her gender. Indian courts assess her claim and deny extradition based on the risk of violation of fundamental and human rights.

Conclusion

Yes, gender discrimination can be a ground to deny extradition under Indian and international human rights principles. While not explicitly listed in Indian extradition law, judicial discretion, constitutional rights, and treaty obligations allow India to refuse extradition if credible evidence suggests the individual will face unfair or discriminatory treatment based on gender.