Understanding Partial Performance and Breach A contract breach occurs when one party fails to fulfill their obligations as agreed. Partial performance means that one party has completed some, but not all, of their contractual duties before the breach. For example, if Party A agrees to deliver 100 goods to Party B but delivers only 60 and then stops, Party A has partially performed but has breached the contract by not completing the full delivery. Legal Position on Breach After Partial Performance 1. Rights of the Non-Breaching Party When a breach happens after partial performance, the non-breaching party is entitled to: Compensation for Loss: They can claim damages for the loss suffered due to the breach. This may include the value of the undelivered goods or services. Payment for Partial Performance: If the partial performance has value and was accepted, the performing party can claim payment for the part completed, subject to contract terms. Rescission or Specific Performance: Depending on the contract nature and feasibility, the non-breaching party may opt to rescind the contract (terminate it) or seek specific performance (compelling completion). 2. Obligation to Mitigate Loss The non-breaching party is expected to mitigate their losses—meaning they should take reasonable steps to reduce the financial damage caused by the breach, like finding an alternative supplier. 3. Quantum Meruit If the contract is silent on payment for partial performance or if it becomes impossible to complete the contract due to breach, the performing party may claim quantum meruit (as much as earned) — payment proportional to the value of work done. Application in Indian Law Under Section 37 of the Indian Contract Act, parties must perform their contracts as agreed. According to Section 73, when a contract is broken, the party who suffers can claim compensation for any loss or damage caused that naturally arises from the breach. If partial performance has been done and accepted, the performing party may claim compensation under Section 70 for work done without consent in cases where the contract is void or incomplete. Judicial Precedents support that the party who performs partially but is prevented from completing due to breach can recover payment for the performed part. Practical Consequences If Payment is Made on Partial Performance: The performing party is entitled to keep the payment already received and claim balance for work done. If No Payment or Acceptance: The non-breaching party may refuse payment and claim damages for breach. Negotiated Settlement: Often, parties settle by negotiating compensation for partial work and damages. Termination: The non-breaching party may terminate the contract and sue for damages. Summary When a contract is breached after partial performance, the law recognizes the partial work done. The performing party can claim payment or compensation for that partial work (quantum meruit), while the non-breaching party can claim damages for the breach. Both parties have rights and obligations, and the non-breaching party must mitigate losses. This balance ensures fairness and encourages contractual compliance while protecting parties from unjust loss.