Yes, hospitals in India can be held liable for the negligence of doctors under certain circumstances. This liability may arise under the principles of vicarious liability, direct liability, or both. Courts in India have consistently recognized that hospitals owe a duty of care to their patients and can be held accountable if that duty is breached. Here’s how hospital liability works: 1. Vicarious Liability: A hospital can be held liable for the negligent acts of its employees, including doctors, nurses, and staff, if: The doctor was employed or engaged by the hospital (not just an independent consultant). The act of negligence occurred during the course of employment or service. For example, if a hospital-employed doctor makes an error during surgery due to carelessness, the hospital may be vicariously liable, even if the management itself did not directly commit any wrongful act. 2. Direct Liability (Corporate Negligence): Hospitals may also be held directly liable if the negligence is due to: Failure to provide proper facilities, equipment, or hygiene Employing unqualified or inexperienced staff Not having adequate systems to supervise medical procedures Not maintaining medical records properly Delayed treatment or refusal to admit a patient in an emergency This kind of liability arises from a hospital’s own breach of duty in ensuring patient safety and care. 3. Contractual Obligations: Hospitals enter into an implied contract with patients to provide proper care. If this is breached due to negligence by doctors working under or associated with the hospital, it can lead to legal action. 4. Legal Forum and Compensation: Victims of medical negligence can approach: Consumer courts under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 Civil courts for damages Criminal courts if the negligence amounts to gross recklessness or leads to death under IPC Section 304A Compensation can be awarded for medical expenses, physical and mental suffering, loss of income, or even death. Judicial Precedents: The Supreme Court of India and various High Courts have held hospitals accountable in cases like: V. Kishan Rao v. Nikhil Super Speciality Hospital (2010) Spring Meadows Hospital v. Harjol Ahluwalia (1998), where the hospital was held liable for negligence by a nurse and a doctor. Conclusion: Yes, hospitals can be held liable for the negligent acts of doctors, especially when those doctors are employees or when the hospital has failed in its own duty of care. The law imposes both vicarious and direct liability to ensure accountability and patient safety in healthcare institutions.